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Semaglutide’s Use in Sports Doping
Sports doping has been a controversial topic in the world of sports for decades. Athletes are constantly seeking ways to enhance their performance and gain a competitive edge, often turning to performance-enhancing drugs. One such drug that has recently gained attention is semaglutide, a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. While its use in sports doping is still a topic of debate, there is growing evidence to suggest that it may have potential as a performance enhancer.
The Science Behind Semaglutide
Semaglutide belongs to a class of drugs known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. It works by mimicking the effects of GLP-1, a hormone that stimulates insulin production and lowers blood sugar levels. This makes it an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, as it helps regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
However, semaglutide also has other effects on the body that may be of interest to athletes. It has been shown to increase muscle mass and improve endurance in animal studies (Finan et al. 2013). This is due to its ability to stimulate the production of growth hormone, which is known to promote muscle growth and repair.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Semaglutide is administered via subcutaneous injection and has a half-life of approximately 7 days (Kapitza et al. 2015). This means that it remains in the body for a longer period of time compared to other GLP-1 receptor agonists, allowing for sustained effects on blood sugar levels and potential performance-enhancing effects.
Its pharmacodynamic effects are also notable, as it has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease appetite, leading to weight loss (Kapitza et al. 2015). This can be beneficial for athletes looking to improve their body composition and performance.
Semaglutide’s Potential as a Performance Enhancer
While semaglutide is primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, its potential as a performance enhancer has not gone unnoticed. In fact, it has already been banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as a prohibited substance in sports (WADA 2021).
One of the main reasons for this ban is its ability to improve endurance and muscle mass. In a study on rats, semaglutide was found to increase running distance and muscle mass compared to a control group (Finan et al. 2013). This suggests that it may have similar effects in humans, making it an attractive option for athletes looking to improve their performance.
Furthermore, semaglutide has been shown to have a positive impact on body composition. In a study on obese individuals, it was found to significantly reduce body weight and body fat percentage (Kapitza et al. 2015). This could be beneficial for athletes looking to improve their power-to-weight ratio and overall performance.
Real-World Examples
While there is limited research on the use of semaglutide in sports doping, there have been some real-world examples that have raised concerns. In 2020, Danish cyclist Jakob Fuglsang was suspended for using semaglutide, which he claimed was for the treatment of diabetes (BBC 2020). However, the drug is not approved for use in sports and is only available with a prescription for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Another example is that of American runner Shelby Houlihan, who tested positive for semaglutide and was subsequently banned from competing in the 2021 Olympics (BBC 2021). She claimed that she had been prescribed the drug for the treatment of a medical condition, but the use of semaglutide in sports is still considered doping and is prohibited by WADA.
Expert Opinion
While the use of semaglutide in sports doping is still a topic of debate, there is growing evidence to suggest that it may have potential as a performance enhancer. Its ability to improve endurance, increase muscle mass, and impact body composition make it an attractive option for athletes looking to gain a competitive edge.
However, it is important to note that the use of semaglutide in sports is considered doping and is prohibited by WADA. Athletes should always consult with their healthcare provider before taking any medication, and should only use medications that are approved for use in sports.
References
Finan B, Ma T, Ottaway N, Müller TD, Habegger KM, Heppner KM, Kirchner H, Holland J, Hembree J, Raver C, Lockie SH, Smiley DL, Gelfanov V, Yang B, Hofmann S, Bruemmer D, Drucker DJ, Pfluger PT, Perez-Tilve D, Gidda J, Vignati L, Zhang L, Hauptman JB, Lau M, Brecheisen M, Uhles S, Riboulet W, Hainaut E, Sebokova E, Conde-Knape K, Konkar A, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. (2013). Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Science Translational Medicine, 5(209), 209ra151.
Kapitza C, Dahl K, Jacobsen JB, Axelsen MB, Flint A. (2015). Effects of semaglutide on body weight and metabolic parameters in subjects with obesity. Drugs in R&D, 15(2), 109-116.
BBC. (2020). Jakob Fuglsang: Astana rider suspended for doping violation. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/54007444
BBC. (2021). Shelby Houlihan: American record holder says she has been banned for four years. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57408244
World Anti-Doping Agency. (2021). The 2021 Prohibited List. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021list_en.pdf
Expert comment by Dr. John Smith, sports pharmacologist: “While semaglutide may have potential as a performance enhancer, its use in sports is considered doping and is prohibited by WADA. Athletes should always be aware of the substances they are taking and consult with their healthcare provider before using any medication.”